Anthropological Studies


A review on the Latest Innovations in Facial Imaging

Article Number: EQL265091 Volume 05 | Issue 02 | October- 2022 ISSN: 2581-4966
22nd Jan, 2022
28th Feb, 2022
30th Jun, 2022
29th Oct, 2022

Authors

Priyanka Bansal, Ashi Yadav

Abstract

The term "facial imaging" refers to techniques that utilize facial photographs to aid or make it easier for people to identify. Age progression and regression using face-only methods, the creation of facial graphics from eyewitness memory (including composites and artistic sketches), facial depiction, face mapping, and recently created molecular photo fitting techniques are all included in this. Facial approximation and photographic superimposition are two techniques used for craniofacial identification that make use of skulls and faces. Each of these face imaging fields, though not all of them have historically been classified as such, belongs to the field of physical anthropology because they are all concerned with the human body's physical attributes. This presents helpful chances to apply tried-and-true techniques from one field to others that are more commonly considered to be physical anthropology specialties (e.g. facial approximation, craniofacial superimposition and face photo-comparison). It is crucial to keep in mind that the majority of face imaging techniques are currently not utilized for identification but rather to help law enforcement authorities focus or steer investigations so that other, more effective, methods of identification can be used. This publication offers a theoretical overview of these methodologies' goals, the state of the science around them. Keywords: Facial Imaging, face photo-comparison, facial approximation, artistic sketch, craniofacial identification, photographic superimposition.

Introduction

Facial images are one of the most valuable pieces of evidence for identification and it is possible in a very high proportion of cases wherein subjects recorded in photographs or on videotapes needs to be identified by means of comparison with images of persons of known identity (Stavrianos et al., 2012). Utilizing images to explain and record findings for forensic and diagnostic applications is known as forensic imaging (Zhang, 1). "Facial imaging" approaches are those that contribute in human identification by analysing or providing facial graphics. Thus, facial imaging includes approximation of the face and photographic superimposition, as well as include age progression and regression, the formation of facial graphics from eyewitness memory (such as composites and sketches), facial depiction, face mapping, and newly invented techniques of so-called "molecular photo fitting (Stephan et al., 2018)."

Methods for facial imaging are essential in many situations. In other circumstances, they offer standard police investigation techniques and crucial evidence in cases that would not have been solved otherwise. The majority of the aforementioned techniques—with the exception of automatic facial recognition systems—succeed by getting the public's and the media's attention on the rebuilt image of a face. This is true even if there are times when the successful outcome is not directly related to the picture of the face (e.g. the Instead of the estimated facial morphology itself, recognition of other things such as personal clothing like ties, spectacles, hats, necklaces, or shirts exhibited with the face (Stephan et al., 2018).

It is advantageous to maximize their capacity to identify people based on facial morphology. Applying science to test or enhance approaches used in the field and in the lab are beneficial. As Regardless of how lofty they may seem, advancements that produce any technique to be so trustworthy that it can be applied for Identification methods used alone are optimum, and shouldn't be completely disregarded in some situations. This provides maybe novel techniques and Possibilities for identification and distinctive opportunities for forensic anthropologists in training increase and contribute to forensic anthropology input. As more forensic professionals become aware of its benefits, the application space for forensic imaging has also expanded. This method has also been applied in other forensic fields, such as forensic anthropology, forensic odontology, forensic ballistics, and animal forensics, among others, in addition to forensic pathology (Zhang, 1). FaceGAN is a network type that consists of a generator, a discriminator, a deep face recognition model, and a deep age estimation model. The discriminator is taught in a multi-task learning environment, distinguishing between genuine and synthetic samples and categorizing real and synthetic photos into matching age ranges at the same time. Numerous tests using the UTKFace dataset have shown that Face- GAN can produce photo-realistic face images at various ages for both face ageing and rejuvenation while effectively maintaining individual identification (Zeng et al., 302).

References

Chee, Loh Fun, and Chao Tzee Cheng. “Skull and Photographic Superimposition: A New Approach Using a Second Party's Interpupil Distance to Extrapolate the Magnification Factor.” Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 34, no. 3, 1989, https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs12697j.

Russ, Andrew J., et al. “Individual Differences in Eyewitness Accuracy across Multiple Lineups of Faces.” Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, vol. 3, no. 1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-018-0121-8.

Stavrianos, C., et al. “Facial Mapping: Review of Current Methods.” Research Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 6, no. 2, 2012, pp. 77–82, https://doi.org/10.3923/rjmsci.2012.77.82.

Stephan, Carl N. “Facial Approximation-from Facial Reconstruction Synonym to Face Prediction Paradigm.” Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 60, no. 3, 2015, pp. 566–571., https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12732.

Stephan, Carl N., et al. “An Overview of the Latest Developments in Facial Imaging.” Forensic Sciences Research, vol. 4, no. 1, 2018, pp. 10–28., https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2018.1519892.

Zeng, Jiangfeng, et al. “Photo-Realistic Face Age Progression/Regression Using a Single Generative Adversarial Network.” Neuro-computing, vol. 366, 2019, pp. 295–304., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2019.07.085.

Zhang, Min. “Forensic Imaging: A Powerful Tool in Modern Forensic Investigation.” Forensic Sciences Research, 2022, pp. 1–8., https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2021.2008705.

Zhang, Zhifei, et al. “Age Progression/Regression by Conditional Adversarial Autoencoder.” 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2017, https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2017.463.

How to cite this article?

APA StyleBansal, Priyanka, and Ashi Yadav. “A Review on the Latest Innovations in Facial Imaging.” Academic Journal of Anthropological Studies, vol. 5, no. 2, Oct. 2022, pp. 6–9.
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