Authors
Hersh J. Noori, Harem Ahmad Ibrahim
Abstract
Estimation of heavy metals in ambient air is crucial for environment study due to their toxicity impact on people. Some metals have been reported as carcinogenic such as arsenic (As), [hexavalent chromium (Cr), nickel and (Ni) cadmium (Cd)]. In Iraq, a lot of private electrical generators have been installed in every neighborhood of all Iraqi cities. Concurrently the industrial is so near to the population cities. This makes an uncontrolled and fearful environment. Thus the aim of this study is to find the concentration of toxic heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, and Zn) in the air from different sites (population areas that contain many electrical generators, Industrial areas, traffic lights and green land area) in the Kalar city. Using a homemade apparatus that has a capacity of flow rate was 0.05 m3/sec. for one hour, the total volume of each sample was 180 m3/h collected. For this purpose, inductive coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) has been used to determine mentioned metals, the concentration ranged from 7 µgL-1 - 18.5 µgL-1 Pb, 47 µgL-1 - 245 µg.m-3 Zn, 7 µg.m-3 -1, and 13 µgL-1 - 106 µgL-1 Cr. The main sources of these heavy metals in the sampled area could be attributed to the car and electrical generation emission, and factory emission. Keywords: Electrical Generator, Heavy Metals, Environment, Health and ICP-OES.
Introduction
Generally, the industrial activities of man and the uncontrolled development of large cities during the recent past, and in Iraq especially because of a shortage of electricity after 1991, the use of private electrical generators has spread to reduce power outages. Generally, private generators are installed in neighbourhoods and city centres as there is no available place free for them in street or neighbourhood, without being bound by environmental standards. So as a result, it has been a source of contamination for soil, water, and air. Burning or combustion of fuels contributes produce smoke including toxic substances resulting from the fuel combustion (Sawidis et al., 1995; Al_Saadi et al, 2021).
Metal-PM can travel over a long distance upon release into the air and can deposit on the water, soil, buildings, and plant canopy. Herein, these metal-PMs can affect the ecosystem by contamination. Moreover, metal-PMs can induce several health effects when they are directly inhaled by humans as shown in Figure No. 1 (Shahid et al., 2019).
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified heavy metals into three categories based on their studies on the carcinogenicity of these metals in humans. Group 1 metals and/or metalloids are proven carcinogens to humans. Group 2A compounds are probable carcinogens and group 2B compounds are possible carcinogens. Group 3 compounds are non-carcinogens to humans. Regarding the carcinogenic nature of heavy metals and/or metalloids, and their compounds, Cd and its compounds, hexavalent Cr and metallic Ni and its compounds are group 1 carcinogens for humans through the inhalation and ingestion routes of exposure and are associated with cancers of the lung, liver, nose, and kidney (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1987).
Inorganic Pb compounds (The International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2006) are listed as group 2A, with metallic Pb (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2012) and methyl mercury listed as group 2B carcinogens. Metallic Cr, trivalent Cr, metallic Hg, and organic Pb compounds are listed as group 3 compounds (Suvarapu and Baek, 2016).
A wide range of heavy metals and metalloids was determined by different techniques and different instruments in the atmosphere (Najib et al., 2006; Kemp, 2002; Barbante et al., 2004)
Thus the aim of this study is to measure the concentration of toxic heavy metals [lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn)] in the atmosphere from different sites (population areas that contains a lot of electrical generators, Industrial area, traffic lights, and green land area)in the Kalar city As Sulaimany, Iraq.
References
Al_Saadi, M. R., et al. “Evaluation of Lead, Cadmium, Copper and Zinc Levels and Studying Their Toxic Effect in Sera of Private Electrical Generator Workers.” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1853, no. 1, 2021, p. 012044. Crossref, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1853/1/012044.
Bakircioglu, Dilek, et al. “Determination of Some Traces Metal Levels in Cheese Samples Packaged in Plastic and Tin Containers by ICP-OES after Dry, Wet and Microwave Digestion.” Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 49, no. 1, 2011, pp. 202–07. Crossref, doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.10.017.
Barbante, Carlo, et al. “Historical Record of European Emissions of Heavy Metals to the Atmosphere Since the 1650s from Alpine Snow/Ice Cores Drilled near Monte Rosa.” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 38, no. 15, 2004, pp. 4085–90. Crossref, doi:10.1021/es049759r.
Bratakos, M. et al. “Chromium Content of Selected Greek Foods.” The Science of The Total Environment, vol. 290, no. 1–3, 2002, pp. 47–58. Crossref, doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(01)01057-9.
Ciesielski, Timothy, et al. “Cadmium Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in U.S. Children.” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 120, no. 5, 2012, pp. 758–63. Crossref, doi:10.1289/ehp.1104152.
Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, et al. Compendium of food additive specifications. Addendum 7/Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 53rd session, Rome, 1-10 June 1999 Joint FAO/WHO, 1999.
International Agency for Research on Cancer. “Chromium and Chromium Compounds: Chromium metal (Group 3) Trivalent Chromium Compounds (Group 3) Hexavalent Chromium Compounds (Group 1*).” Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity, vol. 1–42, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic risks to Humans, 1987, p. Group 1. pp 165-168.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer. Inorganic and Organic Lead Compounds (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 87). 1st ed., Lyon (France), World Health Organization, 2006. https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans/Inorganic-And-Organic-Lead-Compounds-2006
International Agency for Research on Cancer. “Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts. Volume 100 C. A Review of Human Carcinogens.” IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer, Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds, 2012, pp. 41–94.
Kemp, Kåre. “Trends and Sources for Heavy Metals in Urban Atmosphere.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, vol. 189, no. 1–4, 2002, pp. 227–32. Crossref, doi:10.1016/s0168-583x(01)01047-3.
Minh, Ngo Duc, et al. “Assessing Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in a Metal Recycling Community in Vietnam: Age and Gender Aspects.” Science of The Total Environment, vol. 416, 2012, pp. 164–71. Crossref, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.068.
Najib, Fadhil M., et al. “Atomic Absorption Determination of Traces of Lead in Ambient Air and Water after Its Preconcentration.” Kurdistan Academicians Journal, vol. 4, no. 1 (A), 2006, pp. 137–45, www.scribd.com/document/3812488/D-Fazel-137-145.
Othman, Norzila, et al. “Heavy Metal Concentration in Ambient Air University Campus Located near the Industrial Area.” Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 773–774, 2015, pp. 1189–93. Crossref, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1189.
Sawidis, Thomas, et al. “A Study of Air Pollution with Heavy Metals in Thessaloniki City (Greece) Using Trees as Biological Indicators.” Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 28, no. 1, 1995, pp. 118–24. Crossref, doi:10.1007/bf00213976.
Shahid, Muhammad, et al. Ecotoxicology of Heavy Metal (Loid)-Enriched Particulate Matter: Foliar Accumulation by Plants and Health Impacts. Springer, 2019.
Suvarapu, Lakshmi Narayana, and Sung-Ok Baek. “Determination of Heavy Metals in the Ambient Atmosphere.” Toxicology and Industrial Health, vol. 33, no. 1, 2016, pp. 79–96. Crossref, doi:10.1177/0748233716654827.
How to cite this article?
| APA Style | Razdan, V. (2022). Chip-Off Technique in Mobile Forensics. Academic Journal of Forensic Sciences, 5(1), 49–52. |
| Chicago Style | |
| MLA Style | |
| DOI | |
| URL |