Introduction

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines the term pesticide as the use of any substance or combination of substances proposed for preventing, repelling, destroying, or extenuating any pest. The definition of pesticide according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is very specific which ascertain that any substance or combination of substances which are purposefully used for controlling or preventing or even destroying any kind of pest including organism or pest which are capable of carrying any animal, plant or human disease; any plant or animal species which are capable of causing any kind of harm during manufacturing, processing, storage, transportation or even selling of any kind of food or farming products, any kind of coppice or even animal feedstuff; any substance or blend of substances which may be given to any animal for purpose of controlling or destroying any kind of pest, arachnids or insects living inside or even outside of the body of that animal (Zacharia and Tano, 1-18). India ranks 12th in Asia and is being the largest producer in the world for using pesticides. Most of the population of India is majorly dependent on agriculture which requires the need for using pesticides to prevent the loss of agriculture products from any kind of pests. When we see the comparative use of pesticides in a global scenario, India is the country whose average consumption of pesticides in agricultural use is comparatively lower than any other developed country. Even then, the presence of pesticide residue in post harvested agricultural products is at great height (Abhilash and Nandita, 1-12). The use of pesticides and other fertilizer has helped to a great extent to the farmers with an increase in yielding crop productivity but consequently, their bad effect on nature and human health is also unavoidable. Pesticides have been classified into 4 major categories with include Organophosphate Pesticide: These pesticides are basically affecting the activity of the enzyme which regulates the secretion of acetylcholine which is a neurotransmitter and in turn affects the nervous system. These pesticides show similar effects in both, insects and as well as humans. (Cabello et al., 471-479). Carbamate Pesticides: The effects of carbamate pesticides are quite similar to the effects of organophosphate pesticides as it also affects the activity of neurotransmitter enzyme acetylcholinesterase which in turn affects the nervous system. The effects of the enzyme are generally reversible (Fernandez et al., 43-56). Organochlorine Insecticides: these insecticides were generally being used in the ancient times, but a lot of them have been aloof from the commercial market because of their persistency in nature and hazards related to the human health as well as the environment the most common example of this group of pesticides are DDT and chlordane and many more (Pandit et al., 240-243). Pyrethroid Pesticides: These are generally synthesis from a natural pesticide “pyrethrin” found in the algae known as chrysanthemum. They have been adapted to augment their stability in the atmosphere. Some of these synthetically prepared pyrethroids are noxious to the nervous system (Duara et al., 43-46).

Effect of Pesticide on Human Health

Acute Effect: Acute effect involves immediate effects of the pesticides which are severe enough to seek urgent medical help and also cannot be ignored. These acute or Immediate affects human health due to the exposure of pesticide may inculcate the headache, hurtful eyes as well as skin, annoyance of nose and irritation on throat, skin burning, rashes, and blister, giddiness, diarrhea, severe pain on abdomen, vomiting, and sickness, distorted vision, sightlessness, and rarely death (Mahmood et al., 17-25)

Chronic Effect: Chronic effects are often lethal and may appear even for a year. These are long-term effects that can damage body organs. Pesticide exposure for prolonged duration consequences in loss of coordination, and memory, reduced motor signaling, and reduced vision ability. Long-time pesticide exposure damages the immune system and can cause hypersensitivity, asthma, and allergies. Pesticide has been associated with leukemia, brain cancer, lymphoma, cancer of the breast, prostate, ovaries, and testes (pesticide and human health). Ingestion of organochlorine causes allergic reactions to light noise and contact, giddiness, tremors, seizures, queasiness, sickness, puzzlement, and anxiety. Pyrethroid pesticides may cause sensitivity to skin, ferociousness, overexcitation, reproductive, or growth deficiency (Kumari and John, 162–167; Carbamate, 767-770).