Authors
Priyanka Singh
Abstract
ABO blood group is often known as a histo - blood group system as its antigens are expressed on the surface of the red blood cells and in addition to that also present on most of the tissues and in soluble forms in the secretions. The second most important blood group system is the Rhesus system and it is categorized into two group Rh positive and Rh negative. Both the ABO and Rh blood group system are important for blood transfusion, organ transplantation, paternal testing, legal medicine, population genetic study and also in the field of forensic science investigation purposes. The study was conducted to determine the frequency of ABO and Rh blood group in Northern India Population (Delhi and nearby states). The Blood was collected from the voluntarily participated donors and blood group was determined by simple agglutination method. During the study total 584 donors were screened and the results showed that the commonest ABO blood group was O (40.70%) followed by B (30.79%), A (17.56%) and AB (10.95%), Rh positive 82.85% and Rh negative 17.15% were found. In males the O (25.75%) positive was more common while in female B (35.45%) positive blood group was more common. Key Words: ABO, Rhesus factor, Blood groups, Antigens, Agglutination.
Introduction
The surface of the human red blood cell possesses various glycoproteins and glycolipids content which forms a variety of antigens (Faduyile F.A. et. al., 2016). Once these antigens formed during the fetal life it remains unchanged throughout the life until death. These blood group genes are inherited genetically from the both the parents to the child in Mendelian fashion (Bhavani et.al, 2016; Deepthi et. al., 2015). According to Bhavani et.al, 2016 around 400 different antigens are present on the surface of RBC in human blood and these antigens are divided into 30 blood group system by International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT). Therefore the blood group of an individual is the description of antigens that are presents on the surface of red blood cells (Faduyile F.A. et. al., 2016). Out of these 30 blood group systems, the ABO and Rhesus factor (Rh) are the two common and most important classification system. The ABO blood group system was first discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner whereas the Rh system was discovered by Landsteiner and Weiner in 1941(Agrawal et. al., 2014).The ABO and Rh genes are located on chromosome 9 and 1 respectively (Deepthi et. al., 2015). These two systems together have a great importance in blood diffusion and organ transplantation purposes as many transfusion accidents results into high immunological responses, may even cause death of a person (Faduyile F.A. et. al., 2016).In addition to this it is also useful for the population genetic studies, population migration studies, resolving many medico legal issues, disputed paternity and plays a most vital role to narrow down the search area during criminal investigation in forensic the field of forensic science (Agrawal et. al., 2014, Das et. al, 2001).
On the basis of presence and absence of A and B antigens on the surface of RBC’s the ABO blood group system is divided into four blood types i.e. A, B, AB and O. In this system A and B are strongly antigenic and are dominant alleles (when present in blood, expresses its character) whereas anti A and anti B are antibodies that are naturally present in the plasma of those individuals that does not contains A and B antigens on the surface of RBC’s. These antibodies have the capability of produce hyperactive immunological responses during mismatch blood transfusion or organ transplantation (Garg et. al., 2014). Below is the table showing ABO blood grouping system.
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| APA Style | Singh, P. (2018). Frequency and distribution of ABO and Rh blood group in North Indian population. Academic Journal of Anthropological Studies, 1(1), 41-47. |
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